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排序方式: 共有594条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
591.
Cecilia Smith-Ramírez Iván Díaz Patricio Pliscoff Claudio Valdovinos Marco A. Méndez Juan Larraín Horacio Samaniego 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(9):2627-2648
Knowledge of species richness centers is necessary for the design of conservation areas. In this study, we present a GIS analysis
of two years of field data on animal and plant diversity distributions in evergreen, coastal rain forests of southern Chile
(39°30′–41°25′ S). Despite their high endemism, these forests have remained largely unprotected. Field records were complemented
with data from museum collections and scientific literature. We used selected environmental variables (evapotranspiration,
altitude) and, in some cases, forest types as predictors of species distributions. Our study focused on the distribution of
forest bryophytes, vascular plants, soil invertebrates, amphibians and birds. We generated distributional maps for each taxa
based on their field records in the study area, complemented by natural history information, except in the case of bryophytes
and soil invertebrates. In general, species richness was lower at 600 m elevation or above for all the taxa studied. Species
richness tends to increase in the northern sector of the study area. We observed a greater richness of vascular plants near
rivers and streams, and noted important floristic differences between west and east-facing slopes of the Coastal Range, with
more species in the oriental side. Because species in high altitude forests are not a subset of those found at lower elevations,
we propose that conservation strategies should prioritize the protection of the entire altitudinal gradient of the southern
Coastal Range, especially in the more diverse oriental and northern sectors. 相似文献
592.
T. Szép K. A. Hobson J. Vallner S. E. Piper B. Kovács D. Z. Szabó A. P. M?ller 《Journal of Ornithology》2009,150(3):621-636
Analyses of stable isotopes and trace elements in feathers may provide important information about location and habitat use
during molt, thereby enabling the investigation of migratory connectivity and its ecological consequences in bird species
that breed and winter in different areas. We have compared the conclusions arrived at based on the use of these two methods
on the same samples of feathers from two migratory birds, the Sand Martin Riparia riparia and the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica. We investigated the effects of location, age and sex on stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δD) and trace element profiles (As, Cd, Mg, Mn, Mo, Se, Sr, Co, Fe, Zn, Li, P, Ti, V, Ag, Cr, Ba, Hg, Pb, S, Ni and Cu).
The feathers of adults at the breeding grounds were removed, forcing in birds to grow new feathers at the breeding grounds;
this enabled a comparison of composition of feathers grown in Europe and Africa by the same individual. Stable isotope and
trace element profiles varied geographically, even at micro-geographic scales, and also among age classes. The results of
both methods suggest that food composition and/or source differs between adults and nestlings in the breeding area and that
food and/or molting location changes with the age of individuals in Africa. In an attempt to determine the usefulness of data
obtained from composition of feathers, we performed discriminant function analyses on information obtained on stable isotopes
and trace elements in order to assess the correctness of the classification of group membership. When feathers molted in Africa
were compared to those molted in Europe, trace element profiles of the 22 elements generally had a much greater resolution
than the stable isotope profiles based on three stable isotopes. The proportion of correctly classified samples was also greater
for analyses based on trace elements than for those based on stable isotopes. 相似文献
593.
《Journal for Nature Conservation》2014,22(5):405-412
Translocation, or the purposeful movement of organisms from one location to another for conservation, is currently being used to bolster populations of the endangered greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido). We used radiotelemetry to compare survival between 58 resident birds and 54 newly translocated greater prairie-chickens that were sourced from a location more than 325 km away. Model averaged survival estimates were lower in translocated birds (0.42; 95% CI: 0.17–0.66) than in resident prairie-chickens (0.65; 95% CI: 0.46–0.79) through the breeding season. Habitat, sex and year were each included in at least 1 of the top 4 models, but the model averaged confidence intervals for each parameter encompassed zero. Survival of both resident and translocated prairie-chickens increased throughout the breeding season. Both translocated and resident prairie-chickens selected for core prairie habitat over agriculture, and birds tended to avoid surrounding private grasslands and wooded areas. We suggest that future translocation projects account for reduced survival of translocated birds when determining the appropriate release cohort sizes and sex ratios. We also recommend that future management for greater prairie-chicken habitat focus on the expansion of core protected patches of prairie to promote elevated survival and better chances of conservation success. 相似文献
594.
C. M. Bishop 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》1997,352(1352):447-456
Empirical studies of cardiovascular variables suggest that relative heart muscle mass (relative Mh) is a good indicator of the degree of adaptive specialization for prolonged locomotor activities, for both birds and mammals. Reasonable predictions for the maximum oxygen consumption of birds during flight can be obtained by assuming that avian heart muscle has the same maximum physiological and biomechanical performance as that of terrestrial mammals. Thus, data on Mh can be used to provide quantitative estimates for the maximum aerobic power input (aerobic Pi,max) available to animals during intense levels of locomotor activity. The maximum cardiac output of birds and mammals is calculated to scale with respect to Mh (g) as 213 Mh0.88+-0.04 (ml min-1), while aerobic Pi,max is estimated to scale approximately as 11 Mh0.88+-0.09 (W). In general, estimated inter-species aerobic Pi,max, based on Mh for all bird species (excluding hummingbirds), is calculated to scale with respect to body mass (Mb in kg) as 81 Mb0.82+-0.11 (W). Comparison of family means for Mh indicate that there is considerable diversity in aerobic capacity among birds and mammals, for example, among the medium to large species of birds the Tinamidae have the smallest relative Mh (0.25 per cent) while the Otidae have unusually large relative Mh (1.6 per cent). Hummingbirds have extremely large relative Mh (2.28 per cent), but exhibit significant sexual dimorphism in their scaling of Mh and flight muscle mass, so that when considering hummingbird flight performance it may be useful to control for sexual differences in morphology. The estimated scaling of aerobic Pi,max (based on Mh and Mb in g) for male and female hummingbirds is 0.51 Mb0.83 +/-0.07 and 0.44 Mb0.85+- 0.11 (W), respectively. Locomotory muscles are dynamic structures and it might be anticipated that where additional energetic ''costs'' occur seasonally (e.g. due to migratory fattening or the development of large secondary sexual characteristics) then the relevant cardiac and locomotor musculature might also be regulated seasonally. This is an important consideration, both due to the intrinsic interest of studying muscular adaptation to changes in energy demand, but also as a confounding variable in the practical use of heart rate to estimate the energetics of animals. Haemoglobin concentration (or haematocrit) may also be a confounding variable. Thus, it is concluded that data on the cardiovascular and flight muscle morphology of animals provides essential information regarding the behavioural, ecological and physiological significance of the flight performance of animals. 相似文献